miguel angel torres egea
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2026-05-23T17:58:13+00:00miguel angel torres egea
https://miguelangel.torresegea.es/wiki/
https://miguelangel.torresegea.es/wiki/_media/wiki:dokuwiki-128.pngtext/html2023-12-13T22:19:41+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)3.1 PEP 8 – Introduction
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3.1 PEP 8 – Introduction
As mentioned earlier, PEP 8 is a document that provides coding conventions (code style guide) for Python code.
PEP 8 is considered one of the most important PEPs and a must-read for every professional Python programmer, as it helps to make the code more consistent, more readable, and more efficient.text/html2023-12-19T10:02:28+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)4.1 PEP 257 – Docstring Conventions
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4.1 PEP 257 – Docstring Conventions
What is PEP 257?
PEP 257 is a document created as part of the Python Developer's Guide, which makes an attempt to standardize the high-level structure of docstrings. It outlines the conventions, best practices, and semantics (not laws or regulations!) associated with documenting Python code using docstrings. In short, it tries to answer the following two questions:text/html2024-01-19T11:22:27+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)1.7 Four magic letters: CRUD
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1.7 Four magic letters: CRUD
Entering a non-existing/malformed address
We’ve reached the point in which we are ready to gather all new facts and tools and glue all these pieces into one functional block. You already know how HTTP works, how it’ is mounted on top of the TCP stack and how thetext/html2024-03-04T12:54:48+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)1.1 SQLite
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1.1 SQLite
What is a database?
Nowadays, social applications such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram are very popular. Every day many people create new accounts, and existing users add or share different content. You’ve surely noticed that the data sent to those applications are still available after a few days, or even years. Do you know how that’s possible?text/html2023-11-05T20:33:07+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)2.4 Decorators
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2.4 Decorators
A decorator is one of the design patterns that describes the structure of related objects. Python is able to decorate functions, methods, and classes.
The decorator's operation is based on wrapping the original function with a new «text/html2023-11-05T21:21:18+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)2.1 PEP 20 – The Zen of Python
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2.1 PEP 20 – The Zen of Python
The Zen of Python is a collection of 19 aphorisms, which reflect the philosophy behind Python, its guiding principles, and design.
Tim Peters, a long time major contributor to the Python programming language and Python community, wrote this 19-line poem on the Python mailing list in 1999, and it became entry #20 in the Python Enhancement Proposals in 2004.text/html2024-03-04T10:37:30+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)2.1 File processing - XML files
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2.1 File processing - XML files
XML processing in Python
Python is commonly used to process various types of data. Perhaps, while working as a programmer, you'll have to read or create a data file in the XML format. Soon, doing that will be a piece of cake.text/html2023-11-05T20:34:25+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)3.1 Advanced techniques of creating and serving exceptions
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3.1 Advanced techniques of creating and serving exceptions
In this module, we'll talk about Python exceptions – objects that represent errors which occur during the execution of a program that disrupts the normal flow of the program's instructions.text/html2023-11-05T20:34:35+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)4.1 Shallow and deep copy operations
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4.1 Shallow and deep copy operations
Copying objects using shallow and deep operations
In this module, you’ll learn how to copy Python objects. Specifically, you'll learn about:
* object: label vs. identity vs. value;
* the id() function and the is operand;text/html2024-01-12T11:34:00+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)1.4 Talking to JSON in Python
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1.4 Talking to JSON in Python
Working with the JSON module in Python
Now that we're familiar with JSON essentials, it's time to learn how to use it with Python. We're a little worried you may think that we want you to laboriously build JSON messages, fretting over all these brackets, parentheses and colons, and to break down complex JSON lines into prime factors. Nothing could be further from the truth! We’re not in the habit of coming up with such crazy ideas, although, to be honest, it's not…text/html2024-01-19T10:37:03+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)1.6 Making life easier with the requests module
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1.6 Making life easier with the requests module
We have reached the point where we can start the final stage of our journey – we know enough to communicate with the web service using JSON as an information carrier. Unfortunately, our knowledge needs to be supplemented – we need atext/html2023-11-06T09:03:06+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)5.1 Metaprogramming
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5.1 Metaprogramming
Introduction to metaclasses
Metaprogramming is a programming technique in which computer programs have the ability to modify their own or other programs’ codes. It may sound like an idea from a science fiction story, but the idea was born and implemented in the early 1960s.text/html2023-11-05T20:34:56+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)4.2 Serialization of Python objects using the pickle module
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4.2 Serialization of Python objects using the pickle module
In this section, you will learn how to persist Python objects for later use.
Pickling is the process of preserving or extending the lifespan of food. The resulting food is called a pickle, and to prevent ambiguity, prefaced with the 'pickled' adjective.text/html2023-12-28T20:16:56+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)2.4 Shaping the main window and conversing with the user
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2.4 Shaping the main window and conversing with the user
The main window is a very specific construct, as its fate is shared among two masters: you (supported by tkinter) and your operating system. This means than you cannot manage the window like any other widget, as thetext/html2024-03-05T08:09:50+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)1.2 How to use sockets in Python
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1.2 How to use sockets in Python
How to fetch a document from a server using Python
We are going to write our first program making use of network sockets. Of course, we'll harness Python for this purpose.
Here are our goals:
* we want to writetext/html2023-12-28T20:35:30+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)2.5 Working with the Canvas
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2.5 Working with the Canvas
Canvas
Our last meeting is devoted to the Canvas – a widget that behaves like a... canvas. It’s a flat, rectangular surface that you can cover with drawings, text, frames, and other widgets. Please treat this story as a basic introduction to thetext/html2023-12-28T11:29:30+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)1.6 Events and how to handle them
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1.6 Events and how to handle them
Event handling
As you already know, events are the fuel which propel the application’s movements. All events come to the event manager, which is responsible for dispatching them to all the application components. This also means that some of the events may launch some of your callbacks, which makes you responsible for preparing the proper reactions to the user’s actions.text/html2024-01-18T18:05:25+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)1.5 What is XML and why do we prefer to use JSON?
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1.5 What is XML and why do we prefer to use JSON?
XML is a language. Anyway, this is what it thinks about itself. Note – it isn't a programming language, and although it is possible to build a real programming language on top of XML, it wasn't (and still isn't) its native niche.text/html2023-11-05T20:32:38+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)2.2 Inheritance and polymorphism — Inheritance as a pillar of OOP
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2.2 Inheritance and polymorphism — Inheritance as a pillar of OOP
Inheritance is one of the fundamental concepts of object oriented programming, and expresses the fundamental relationships between classes: superclasses (parents) and their subclasses (descendants). Inheritance creates a class hierarchy. Any object bound to a specific level of class hierarchy inherits all the traits (methods and attributes) defined inside any of the superclasses.text/html2023-12-22T11:49:30+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)1.2 Let TkInter speak!
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1.2 Let TkInter speak!
Importing TkInter
As you already know, from Python's point of view TkInter is a package named tkinter. The package contains a bunch of functions, constants, classes, objects, and modules used to build GUI applications.
The GUItext/html2023-11-05T20:34:13+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)2.9 Inheriting properties from built-in classes
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2.9 Inheriting properties from built-in classes
Python gives you the ability to create a class that inherits properties from any Python built-in class in order to get a new class that can enrich the parent's attributes or methods. As a result, your newly-created class has the advantage of all of the well-known functionalities inherited from its parent or even parents and you can still access those attributes and methods.text/html2023-12-28T19:51:18+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)2.3 A small lexicon of widgets - Part 3
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2.3 A small lexicon of widgets - Part 3
There are two remaining widgets we want to tell you about – the first one is just a widget, while the second is, in fact, a set of cooperating widgets.
The Entry widget not only presents a line of text, but is also able totext/html2024-03-04T10:51:59+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)3.1 The CSV module in Python
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3.1 The CSV module in Python
The CSV module in Python
The CSV (Comma Separated Values) format is one of the most popular file formats used to store and transfer data between different programs. Currently, many database management tools and the popular Excel offer data import and export in this format.text/html2023-11-05T20:32:04+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)1.2 Working with class and instance data – instance variables
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1.2 Working with class and instance data – instance variables
Instance variables
This kind of variable exists when and only when it is explicitly created and added to an object. This can be done during the object's initialization, performed by thetext/html2024-03-04T12:24:39+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)4.1 Logging in Python
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4.1 Logging in Python
Logging in Python
The Python Standard Library provides a useful module called logging to log events occurring in the application. Logs are most often used to find the cause of an error. By default, Python and its modules provide many logs informing you of the causes of errors. However, it's good practice to create your own logs that may be useful to you or other programmers.text/html2023-11-05T20:33:26+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)2.5 Different faces of Python methods
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2.5 Different faces of Python methods
Until now, we’ve been implementing methods that have performed operations on the instances (objects), and in particular the attributes of the instance, so we’ve called them instance methods.
The instance methods, as the first parameter, take thetext/html2024-01-12T10:56:14+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)1.3 JSON – our new friend
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1.3 JSON – our new friend
Do you sometimes feel that coping with IT issues is a continuous struggle with acronyms? Well, you’re not alone. We share this opinion. An old anecdote says that computer technology development is in fact based on TLA. What is TLA? It's simple – it's a Three-Letter Acronym. Close your eyes, strain your mind and try to recall five acronyms commonly used in the IT world.text/html2023-11-05T20:32:53+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)2.3 Extended function argument syntax
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2.3 Extended function argument syntax
When we talk about function arguments, we should recall the following facts:
* some functions can be invoked without arguments;
* functions may require a specific number of arguments with no exclusions; we have to pass a required number of arguments in an imposed order to follow function definition;text/html2023-11-05T20:33:38+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)2.6 Abstract classes
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2.6 Abstract classes
Python is considered to be a very flexible programming language, but that doesn’t mean that there are no controls to impose a set of functionalities or an order in a class hierarchy. When you develop a system in a group of programmers, it would be useful to have some means of establishing requirements for classes in matters of interfaces (methods) exposed by each class.text/html2023-12-28T12:06:07+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)1.7 Visiting widgets’ properties
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1.7 Visiting widgets’ properties
Widget properties
As you already know, every widget has a set of properties, and the widget’s user is able to change them by modifying the widget’s appearance and behavior. We’ll show you how to manipulate properties and present a basic set of the most usable widget properties.text/html2024-03-04T12:38:35+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)5.1 The configparser module
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5.1 The configparser module
Introduction to the configparser module
Currently, many popular services provide an API that we can use in our applications. Integration with these services requires authentication using data such as a login and password, or simply an access token.text/html2023-11-05T20:32:21+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)2.1 Python core syntax
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2.1 Python core syntax
So far we have been using Python core operations that allow us to operate on strings, lists, integers, and floats. It’s natural for us to formulate expressions using algebraic symbols representing operators, or to get a number of elements in a sequence or dictionary.text/html2023-11-05T20:31:42+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)1.1 Classes, Instances, Attributes, Methods — introduction
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1.1 Classes, Instances, Attributes, Methods — introduction
Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming
This module addresses the advanced Object Oriented Programming (OOP) issues that are at the heart of Python programming.
The object-oriented approach is an evolution of good design practices that go back to the very beginning of computer programming.text/html2023-11-05T20:33:49+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)2.7 Encapsulation
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2.7 Encapsulation
Attribute encapsulation
Encapsulation is one of the fundamental concepts in object-oriented programming (amongst inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction). It describes the idea of bundling attributes and methods that work on those attributes within a class.text/html2023-11-05T20:34:02+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)2.8 Composition vs Inheritance - two ways to the same destination
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2.8 Composition vs Inheritance - two ways to the same destination
So far we've been using and following the inheritance concept when modeling our classes to represent real-life issues. Inheritance is a great concept, one of the most important foundations of object-oriented programming that models a tight relation between two classes: the base class and the derived class, called a subclass.text/html2023-12-23T18:49:05+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)1.3 Settling widgets in the window's interior
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1.3 Settling widgets in the window's interior
Settling widgets
A familiarity with the Button widget allows us to show you some ways of putting the widgets (not only the buttons) inside windows. There are more of them than just place(), which you learned about in the previous section. To be precise, there aretext/html2023-12-23T19:33:06+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)1.5 A simple GUI application
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1.5 A simple GUI application
Building a GUI application from scratch
Now we're going to build a very simple and rather useless GUI application. Does that sound weird? Maybe, but the application, when ready, will make you more accustomed to some tkintertext/html2023-11-05T20:35:05+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)4.3 Making Python objects persistent using the shelve module
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4.3 Making Python objects persistent using the shelve module
Serialization of Python objects using the shelve module
As you remember, the pickle module is used for serializing objects as a single byte stream. Both serializing and deserializing parties must abide by the order of all the elements placed into a file or database, or sent via a network.text/html2023-12-28T18:35:52+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)1.8 Interacting with widget methods
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1.8 Interacting with widget methods
Widget methods
Widgets have methods – you’ve met some of them already. Now we’re going to show you a few more of them, and we’ll start with two which seem to be very specific. We can even say that the sense of their existence is very closely bound to the unique features oftext/html2023-12-28T18:48:25+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)1.9 Looking at variables
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1.9 Looking at variables
Variables
To implement some of its functions, Tkinter uses a very special kind of variable called an observable variable. This variable works like a regular variable (i.e., it’s able to store values which are accessible to the outside world) but there is something more – any change of the variable’s state can betext/html2023-12-28T19:24:08+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)2.2 A small lexicon of widgets - Part 2
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2.2 A small lexicon of widgets - Part 2
Non-clickable widgets
The next four widgets fall into the non-clickable category. They’re designed to present textual information and don’t have a command property, although you can use bind() to simulate similar behavior.text/html2023-12-28T19:09:39+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)2.1 A small lexicon of widgets - Part 1
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2.1 A small lexicon of widgets - Part 1
A small lexicon of widgets
Now we’re ready to present a systematized set of some of the tkinter widgets. We aren’t able to describe all of them, however – it would bloat our course to an unmanageable size. We’re convinced that our collection is large enough to make you familiar withtext/html2023-12-23T19:05:35+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)1.4 Coloring your widgets
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1.4 Coloring your widgets
Adding colors
Nearly everything you put inside your windows may be colored. Most widgets have dedicated properties to handle their colors and we will tell you about them while discussing the widgets themselves. Currently, the most important thing is getting to know how the colors are described intext/html2024-01-19T17:59:31+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)2.1 Python Professional Course Series: Lab & Assessment
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2.1 Python Professional Course Series: Lab & Assessment
Working with RESTful APIs: Lab & Assessment
Well done, you've reached the end of the course!
In this section, it's time to translate your Python skills and everything you've learned about RESTful APIs into some real-world projects. Specifically, we'll ask you to create:text/html2023-12-22T11:20:26+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)Python Professional Course Series: GUI Programming
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Python Professional Course Series: GUI Programming
What is GUI?
GUI is an acronym. Moreover, it’s a three-letter acronym, a representative of a well-known class of acronyms which plays a very important role in the IT industry. Okay, that’s enough jokes about TLA’s for one course, all the more thattext/html2023-11-05T20:45:11+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)1.1 What is PEP?
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1.1 What is PEP?
PEP may refer to several things:
* football (soccer) fans will definitely associate it with the famous ex-footballer and football manager, Josep Guardiola, whose nickname is (guess what) Pep;
* those who have medical jobs will surely think of post-exposure prophylaxis, which in turn has to do with taking preventive medical measures after contact with pathogens;