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- 2.3 A small lexicon of widgets - Part 3 @info:cursos:pue:python-pcpp1:m3
- ches** a callback bound to the option; * **it unrolls** a new menu (actually a submenu) * if you... e below. We’ve made two changes – we’ve added two underlined property specifications to the ''Menu()'' invocations: * at line 15: underline=0 (sets Alt-F as a hotkey) * at line 18: underline=1 (sets Alt-B as a hotkey) <code python>
- 2.7 Encapsulation @info:cursos:pue:python-pcpp1:m1
- inside a class like in a **capsule**, preventing unauthorized parties' direct access to them. Publicl... ation does not have to be changed; by consumer we understand someone or something (it could be a legac... Attribute encapsulation can be also used to limit unauthorized access: reading and modifying the accou... ributes marked as private (prefixed with a double underscore) in a direct way, then remember that this
- 3.1 PEP 8 – Introduction @info:cursos:pue:python-pcpp1:m2
- y recommended reading, as they help you to better understand the philosophy behind Python and become a... imports. === Indentation The indentation level, understood as the leading whitespace (i.e., spaces a... ision of the code into sections, help them better understand the relation between the sections, and gr... both sides (it should act like a binary operator) unless a slice parameter is omitted, in which case t
- 2.1 PEP 20 – The Zen of Python @info:cursos:pue:python-pcpp1:m2
- ng on so that other programmers find it easier to understand your code. In Python, it’s preferred to ... lements// and //complicated, meaning difficult to understand//, is yet another thing to consider when ... ted. When your code gets big and too difficult to understand and grasp, **divide it into well-separate... esting code makes it more difficult to follow and understand**. Nesting two or three levels deep may s
- 1.6 Events and how to handle them @info:cursos:pue:python-pcpp1:m3
- an use an **empty** string, and the box will be **untitled** then; * the **second** string is a mess... *: How are the events identified? * **A**: By **unique names** – each event has its own name and the name is just a unified string. == Useful events We’ve gathered som... the application’s work, but you can also manually unbind the event at any moment (and bind it again wh
- 4.1 PEP 257 – Docstring Conventions @info:cursos:pue:python-pcpp1:m2
- help programmers (including you) to remember and understand the purpose, operation, and capabilities ... string vs. comments Before we move on, we need to understand this essential distinction (as their name... ose of comments is increasing the readability and understandability of the code, and explaining the co... he code, provide precise information, and help to understand the intention of a particular snippet/lin
- 5.1 Metaprogramming @info:cursos:pue:python-pcpp1:m1
- e'll touch on the “deeper magic” in a benign way. Understanding Python metaclasses is worthwhile, because it leads to a better understanding of what is happening under Python's hood when classes are created. In Python, a metaclass... t creating our own metaclasses, it’s important to understand some more details regarding classes and t
- 1.1 Python Professional Course Series: RESTful APIs @info:cursos:pue:python-pcpp1:m4
- **S** stands for State. The word state is key to understanding what REST is and what it could be used... t. The history of sockets started in 1983 at the University of California in Berkeley, where the conc... on was carried out. The resulting solution was a universal set of functions suitable for implementati... rom Berkeley Software Distribution, the name of a Unix-class operating system, where the sockets were
- Python Professional Course Series: GUI Programming @info:cursos:pue:python-pcpp1:m3
- phical? We have to do a little time traveling to understand that. Don’t worry, it won’t take long. We... ll. The GUI created completely new possibilities unknown to users in previous eras: clicks and taps r... ly different approach, and a completely different understanding of application activities. Let's summ... tle**. Of course, some of the windows may also be untitled. {{ :info:cursos:pue:python-pcpp1:m3:pasted
- 1.3 JSON – our new friend @info:cursos:pue:python-pcpp1:m4
- ks to the standardized libraries of functions and unified services. It doesn't matter what programming... implement a certain solution – JSON is a kind of universal bridge able to move data between seemingly... struggle with is **how to represent an object** (understood as a set of data of different types, incl... ies, but also their names. In JSON, it can be an unnamed value like a number, a string, a Boolean or…
- 4.2 Serialization of Python objects using the pickle module @info:cursos:pue:python-pcpp1:m1
- of Pythonistas. So, what can be pickled and then unpickled? The following types can be pickled: *... .dump(a_list, file_out) </code> Now it’s time to unpickle the contents of the file. <code python> im... named reference, so the same restrictions in the unpickling environment apply. Note that none of the ... at the environment where the class or function is unpickled is able to import the class or function de
- 1.6 Making life easier with the requests module @info:cursos:pue:python-pcpp1:m4
- web service using JSON as an information carrier. Unfortunately, our knowledge needs to be supplemente... gn. The socket module is perfect when you want to understand network issues at the TCP level and to le... manager and obtain some more specific assistance; unfortunately, some Linuxes offer their own, native ... gram (as an ordinary user) and wait till a black (unless you've changed its color) rectangle appears o
- 3.1 Advanced techniques of creating and serving exceptions @info:cursos:pue:python-pcpp1:m1
- the fact that all potential exceptions have their unambiguous names, so you can categorize them and re... 'abcdefghijk'",) abcdefghijk None </code> The ''UnicodeError'' exception – raised when a Unicode-related encoding or decoding error occurs. It is a subclass of ValueError. The UnicodeError has attributes that describe an encodin
- 1.2 How to use sockets in Python @info:cursos:pue:python-pcpp1:m4
- t domain** - do you remember?\\ We told you about Unix and INET domains in the previous section); as d... nection error, and more. How we can discover such unpleasant events? If something goes wrong, the ''c... method (and any other method whose results may be unsuccessful) **raises an exception**. Let us postpo... do we talk to the HTTP server to be sure that it understands us? We have to speak in HTTP, of course.
- 2.3 Extended function argument syntax @info:cursos:pue:python-pcpp1:m1
- ted arguments. In other words, *args collects all unmatched positional arguments; * **%%**%%kwargs**... eyword arguments) – refers to a dictionary of all unexpected arguments that were passed in the form of... =value pairs. Likewise, %%**%%kwargs collects all unmatched keyword arguments. In Python, asterisks a... ameters are not ordinary parameters and should be unpacked, as they carry multiple items. If you’ve e